Mixed Cryoglobulinaemia Vasculitis after Persistent Hepatitis C Virus Eradication
Margarida Gaudêncio1, Rui Nogueira2, Nuno Afonso2,3
1 Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Distrital da Figueira da Foz, EPE, Figueira da Foz, Portugal
2 Department of Nephrology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
Doi: 10.12890/2021_002808 - European Journal of Case Reports in Internal Medicine - © EFIM 2021
Received: 29/07/2021
Accepted: 01/08/2021
Published: 31/08/2021

How to cite this article: Gaudêncio M, Nogueira R, Afonso N. Mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis after persistent hepatitis C virus eradication. EJCRIM 2021;8 doi:10.12890/2021_002808.

Conflicts of Interests: The authors declare there are no competing interests.
This article is licensed under a Commons Attribution Non-Commercial 4.0 License

ABSTRACT

Mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (MCV) is a systemic vasculitis of the small and medium-size vessels caused by active hepatitis C (HCV) infection in >80% of cases. Beuthien et al. presented the first case of MCV with undetectable HCV after 10 months of therapy. In the last few years, more authors have described other cases of symptomatic MCV after 1 year of persistent HCV eradication. Here, we present a case report of a 57-year-old man who developed MCV with renal involvement after 3 years of HCV eradication with interferon therapy.

LEARNING POINTS

KEYWORDS

Mixed cryoglobulinemia, hepatitis C virus, remission, vasculitis

INTRODUCTION

Cryoglobulinaemia is defined as the presence of cryoglobulins in serum [1]. According to Brouet’s classification, there are three subtypes based on immunoglobulin composition [1]: type I comprises single monoclonal immunoglobulins, while type II and type III are classified as mixed cryoglobulinaemia because they include two types of immunoglobulins [1]. Strictly speaking, the term cryoglobulinaemia is often used to refer to a systemic inflammatory syndrome that involves small-to-medium vessel vasculitis [1]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major public health problem, being one of the leading causes of end-stage liver disease and a major liver transplant indication [2]. It is also associated with a variety of extra-hepatic manifestations, such as mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (MCV), that may involve the skin, musculoskeletal system, kidneys and nervous system [1]. Renal manifestations range from isolated mild proteinuria with microscopic haematuria to an acute nephritic syndrome with renal insufficiency [3]. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis is the most common histological pattern seen on kidney biopsy [3, 4]. A strong correlation has been shown between antiviral and vasculitic response [1, 4]. However, there are some cases of persistence of MCV despite demonstration of effective HCV eradication [5]. The authors describe a case of new-onset MCV with renal involvement after 3 years of persistent HCV eradication.

CASE DESCRIPTION

A 57-year-old man, a former drug addict, was diagnosed with active HCV genotype 1A infection in 2013. He was successfully treated with pegylated-interferon (PEG-IFN) and ribavirin.
Three years later, the patient was referred for a nephrology consultation. His complaints were asthenia, anorexia, nausea, peripheral oedema, polyarthralgia, chronic pain and no skin lesions. Tests revealed acute renal failure (creatinine 418.6 mmol/l), proteinuria and active urinary sediment (Table 1).
The patient was admitted to the nephrology department for further study which revealed anaemia (Hb 11.2 g/dl), hypocomplementaemia C3/CH50, undetectable HCV RNA and positive cryoglobulins (Table 1). A kidney biopsy was performed and histology was compatible with sclerosing membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis with crescents and ischaemic tubulopathy lesions. Renal ultrasound showed kidneys with preserved morphology and dimensions, as well as parenchymal-sinusal differentiation.

Table 1 (click to enlarge)

Table 1. Patient data at baseline and during follow-up
ANA, antinuclear antibodies; ANCA, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies; Anti-DNA ds, anti-double stranded DNA antibodies; GBM, glomerular basement membrane antibodies; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus.

The patient was treated with methylprednisolone pulse therapy (1 g/day for 3 consecutive days), followed by prednisone 1 mg/kg/day. After 1 week of treatment, a response was obtained with a reduction in urinary protein excretion and partial recovery of renal function (Table 1). Two months later, the patient’s renal function had markedly improved and so azathioprine 1.5–2.5 mg/kg/day was introduced and prednisone was reduced to 10 mg per week. Two years later, the patient still had undetectable HCV RNA replication and also showed no MCV manifestations or cryoglobulins (Table 1). Consequently, he maintained prednisone 2.5 mg/day but stopped azathioprine. Currently, he has coexisting illness, including hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
During treatment, alternative conditions that could predispose to MCV were excluded, namely, autoimmune diseases, other infectious diseases and malignant lymphoproliferative disease.

DISCUSSION

Mixed cryoglobulinaemia vasculitis (MCV) is a systemic vasculitis of the small and medium-size vessels caused by active hepatitis C (HCV) infection in >80% of cases [1]. The fundamental mechanism contributing to this disease is aberrant autoantibody production by B-cells and B-cell proliferation [1]. Several underlying diseases can facilitate this by interfering with normal B-cell function [1]. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the most common cause of MC [1]. Treatment of MCV generally consisted of glucocorticoids, cytotoxic agents and plasmapheresis[1]. Targeted therapy with antiviral treatment such as interferon alpha (IFNα) or with PEG-INF plus ribavirin provided a new treatment for HCV infection and MCV, and have been proven to be much more successful at achieving remission [1].
The authors have described a very unusual case of mixed cryoglobulaemia with renal involvement after long-term successful HCV eradication, without any evidence of underlying disease. The first report of MCV onset after interferon therapy was presented by Beuthien et al. [6]. In this case, MCV was diagnosed 10 months after the beginning of PEG-INF treatment; at that time, HCV RNA was undetectable, however, the patient was undergoing INF therapy, which was not provided in our case [5, 6]. Other authors described cases of symptomatic cryoglobulinaemia after sustained HCV eradication with antiviral therapy [7]. Those patients experienced an MCV relapse during the first year after therapy [7]. Finally, Quartuccio et al. and Silva et al. reported two cases quite similar to ours, of new onset MCV 3 and 4 years after persistent HCV eradication [8, 9]. There are still no pathophysiological data to explain these events. However, all these cases suggest a relationship between HCV and B-cells, namely, sustained antigen stimulation of B-cells [10, 11]. This relationship underlies the more recent use of rituximab in cases of severe and refractory disease [1]. However, we did not use rituximab in our patient given the good response to corticosteroid therapy.
In conclusion, with this case, the authors emphasize the possibility of HCV-related MCV and its renal manifestations, in patients with long-standing HCV virus eradication.

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